PROJECT BACKGROUND S-1
PROJECT ALTERNATIVES S-2
Alternative A S-2
Environmental Impacts S-3
Expansion Potential S-5
Wind Coverage S-5
Proximity to Noise Sensitive Areas S-5
Airspace S-5
Runway Protection Zones S-5
Alternative F S-6
Environmental Impacts S-6
Expansion Potential S-6
Wind Coverage S-6
Proximity to Noise Sensitive Areas S-8
Airspace S-8
Runway Protection Zones S-8
Alternative T S-8
Environmental Impacts S-8
Expansion Potential S-10
Wind Coverage S-10
Proximity to Noise Sensitive Areas S-10
Airspace S-10
Runway Protection Zones S-10
No Build Alternative S-10
RECOMMENDED ACTION S-10
INTRODUCTION 1.1
PROJECT DESCRIPTION 1.1
Airport Related Development 1-2
Rail/Inter-Modal Development 1-4
Business/Commerce Development 1-4
EXISTING AIRPORT LOCATION AND BACKGROUND 1-5
PROJECT PURPOSE AND JUSTIFICATION 1-5
Replacement of Existing Bowling Green-Warren County
Regional Airport 1-5
Runway Safety Area (RSA) 1-7
Incompatible Land Uses in Runway Protection Zones 1-9
Limited Runway Extension Capability 1-10
Commercial Aircraft 1-10
General Aviation Aircraft 1-11
Runway Length Summary 1-11
Noise Impacts 1-12
Economic Development 1-13
Purpose and Need Summary 1-14
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT REQUIREMENTS 1-16
SUMMARY OF SITE SELECTION PROCESS 2-1
Preliminary Site Evaluation 2-1
Topographical Features 2-4
Rail Access 2-4
Highway Access 2-4
In-Place Development Constraints 2-4
Proximity to Incorporated Residential Areas 2-4
Alvaton Area 2-6
Hadley Area 2-6
101/Pondsville Area 2-6
Interstate 65 (I-65)/Cumberland Parkway Area 2-6
Oakland/Smiths Grove Area 2-6
South Union Area 2-6
Woodburn Area 2-6
Site Selection: Phase I 2-6
Results of Initial Site Area Review 2-7
Alvaton Area 2-7
Hadley Area 2-7
KY 101/Pondsville Area 2-7
Bowling Green-Warren County Regional Airport 2-7
Site Selection: Phase II 2-8
Yellow Study Area Evaluation 2-12
PUBLIC AND AGENCY COORDINATION DURING THE SITE SELECTION PROCESS 2-12
AIRPORT DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES 2-12
Alternative A 2-14
Alternative F 2-14
Alternative T 2-17
No Build Alternative 2-17
POTENTIAL IMPACTS 2-17
APPLICABLE LAWS, REGULATIONS AND PERMITS 2-20
DESCRIPTION OF AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT 3-1
Location of Study Area 3-1
Existing Land Use 3-1
Existing Zoning 3-1
Future Land Use 3-4
Community/Man-Made Features 3-4
Socioeconomic Characteristics of the Study Area 3-7
Demographic Trends 3-7
Primary Market Area 3-7
Yellow Study Area 3-8
Economic Characteristics 3-8
Natural Resource Characteristics of the Study Area 3-11
Regional Geology 3-11
Geology of the Yellow Study Area 3-11
Soils 3-13
Air Quality 3-13
Water Quality 3-13
DOT Section 4(f) Lands 3-16
Mammoth Cave National Park 3-16
Bristow Community Park 3-16
Ephram White Park (proposed) 3-18
Oakland Elementary School 3-18
Culural Resources 3-18
Biotic Commnities 3-18
Biotic Communities (Flora) 3-18
Biotic Communities (Fauna) 3-21
Threatened and Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna 3-21
Wetlands 3-22
Prime and Unique Farmlands 3-23
Any Contemplated Future Actions 3-23
Future Planning Activities 3-24
Future Highway Development Activities 3-26
ALTERNATIVE A 4-1
ALTERNATIVE F 4-1
ALTERNATIVE T 4-1
NO BUILD ALTERNATIVE 4-1
NOISE 4-2
Physics and Measurement of Noise 4-3
Use of DNL as Standard Descriptor for Aviation Noise 4-4
Noise Contour Generation 4-4
Noise Modeling Assumptions 4-6
Noise Impacts 4-6
Build Alternatives 4-6
No Build Alternative 4-10
Noise Impacts (Construction-Related) 4-10
COMPATIBLE LAND USE 4-10
Build Alternatives 4-10
No Build Alternatives 4-10
SOCIAL IMPACTS/ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE 4-13
Social Impacts 4-13
Relocation of Business or Residences 4-13
Build Alternatives 4-13
Business/Commerce Park Impacts 4-14
No Build Alternative 4-14
Alteration of Surface Transportation Patterns 4-14
Build Alternatives 4-14
No Build Alternatives 4-14
Business/Commerce Park 4-15
Disruption of Established Communities 4-15
Build Alternatives 4-15
Alternative A 4-15
Alternative F 4-15
Alternative T 4-16
No Build Alternative 4-16
Business/Commerce Park 4-16
Disruption of Orderly, Planned Development 4-16
Build Alternatives and Business/Commerce Park 4-16
No Build Alternative 4-17
Changes in Employment 4-17
Build Alternatives 4-17
No Build Alternative 4-17
Business/Commerce Park 4-17
Environmental Justice 4-18
Build Alternatives and Business/Commerce Park 4-18
No Build Alternative 4-19
INDUCED SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS/SECONDARY AND CUMULATIVE IMPACTS 4-20
Shifts in Patterns of Population Movement 4-20
Build Alternatives 4-20
Business/Commerce Park 4-20
No Build Alternative 4-21
Changes in Public Service Demands 4-21
Build Alternatives and Business/Commerce Park 4-21
No Build Alternative 4-21
Changes in Business and Economic Activity 4-21
Build Alternatives 4-21
No Build Alternative 4-22
Business/Commerce Park 4-22
AIR QUALITY 4-22
Build Alternatives 4-23
No Build Alternative 4-23
Business/Commerce Park 4-23
Air Quality Construction Impacts 4-24
Build Alternatives and Business/Commerce Park 4-24
No Build Alternative 4-24
WATER QUALITY/WATER SUPPLY 4-24
Water Quality 4-24
Build Alternatives and Business/Commerce Park 4-25
Wastewater 4-26
Water Supply 4-27
Build Alternatives and Business/Commerce Park 4-27
No Build Alternative 4-27
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION SECTION 4(F) LANDS 4-28
Build Alternatives and Business/Commerce Park 4-28
Mammoth Cave National Park 4-28
Bristow Community Park 4-29
Ephram White Park (proposed) 4-29
Oakland Elementary School Recreation Fields 4-29
No Build Alternative 4-30
HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES 4-30
Build Alternatives 4-30
Business/Commerce Park 4-31
No Build Alternative 4-35
BIOTIC COMMUNITIES 4-35
Impacts to Faunal Biotic Communities 4-35
Build Alternatives/Commerce and Industrial Park 4-35
No Build Alternative 4-35
Impacts to Flora Biotic Communities 4-35
Build Alternatives and Business/Commerce Park 4-35
No Build Alternative 4-36
ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPECIES OF FLORA AND FAUNA 4-36
Build Alternatives and Business/Commerce Park 4-37
Kentucky Cave Shrimp 4-37
Impacts and Mitigation 4-38
Blind Cave Crayfish 4-40
Impacts and Mitigation 4-40
Endangered Bats 4-40
Impacts and Mitigation 4-41
Eggert's Sunflower 4-41
Impacts and Mitigation 4-42
Remaining Listed Species 4-42
No Build Alternative 4-43
WETLANDS 4-43
Build Alternatives and Business/Commerce Park 4-43
No Build Alternative 4-43
FLOODPLAINS 4-44
Build Alternatives and Business/Commerce Park 4-44
No Build Alternative 4-44
COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT 4-44
COASTAL BARRIERS 4-44
WILD AND SCENIC RIVERS 4-45
Build Alternative and Business/Commerce Park 4-45
No Build Alternative 4-45
FARMLANDS 4-45
Build Alternatives 4-46
Alternative A 4-46
Alternative F 4-47
Alternative T 4-47
No Build Alternative 4-48
Business/Commerce Park 4-48
ENERGY SUPPLY AND NATURAL RESOURCES 4-49
Build Alternatives and Business/Commerce Park 4-49
No Build Alternative 4-49
LIGHT EMISSIONS 4-49
Build Alternatives 4-50
No Build Alternative 4-50
SOLID WASTE IMPACTS 4-50
Solid Waste Generation 4-50
Build Alternatives 4-50
No Build Alternative 4-50
Business/Commerce Park 4-51
Waste Disposal Facilities 4-51
Build Alternatives 4-51
No Build Alternative 4-51
Business/Commerce Park 4-51
CONSTRUCTION IMPACTS 4-52
Build Alternatives and Commerce and Business Park 4-52
Environmental Issues 4-52
Engineering Design 4-53
Construction 4-53
Alternative A 4-53
Alternative F 4-53
Alternative T 4-54
Construction Impacts: Mitigation 4-54
Surface and Subsurface Drainage Control 4-54
Earthwork and Site Grading 4-56
Foundation Support and Settlement 4-56
Blasting 4-59
UTILITY IMPACTS 4-59
PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE RUNWAY
LAYOUTS 4-59
EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES 4-60
Expansion Potential 4-60
Alternative A 4-60
Alternative F 4-60
Alternative T 4-60
WIND COVERAGE 4-60
Proximity to Noise Sensitive Areas 4-61
Alternative A 4-61
Alternative F 4-61
Alternative T 4-61
Airspace 4-61
Runway Protection Zones 4-61
Alternative A 4-62
Alternative F 4-62
Alternative T 4-62
POSSIBLE CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE PROPOSED ACTION AND APPLICABLE GOVERNMENTAL OBJECTIVES 5-1
INCONSISTENCY WITH APPROVED STATE OR LOCAL PLANS OR LAWS 5-1
MEANS TO MITIGATE ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 5-2
Secondary/Cumulative Impacts 5-2
Relocations 5-2
Construction-Related Air Quality Impacts 5-3
Construction-Related Noise Impacts 5-3
Water Quality/Water Supply 5-4
Water Quality 5-4
Wastewater 5-5
Water Supply 5-5
Cultural Resources 5-6
Threatened and Endangered Species 5-7
Kentucky Cave Shrimp and Blind Cave Crayfish 5-7
Spill Prevention 5-7
Collection of Storm Water Runoff 5-8
Eggert's Sunflower 5-8
Farmlands 5-8
Construction Impacts 5-9
Surface and Subsurface Drainage Control 5-9
Earthwork and Site Grading 5-10
Foundation Support and Settlement 5-10
Blasting 5-10
DEGREE OF CONTROVERSY ON ENVIRONMENTAL GROUNDS 5-11
Executive Summary